Tuesday, September 30, 2014

Intermittent wireless connection issues in Windows 7 Ultimate

I was able to find the main cause of intermittent disconnections on wireless interface. Based on the information I gathered over internet forums and my research, I made following configuration changes which stabilized the connection. These settings are working when you have N Wireless adapter and a B/G Router:

Wireless Adapter Settings:

Update the driver to the latest driver.
Access the properties of your wireless adapter from Network and Sharing Center.
Click on "Configure" and select the "Advanced" tab. Make sure following configuration is in place:
(* I didn't find the configure, so I just go to Computer and right click select "Manage", then choose "Device Manager",

1. 802.11n Channel Width for bands 2.4 and 5.2 are set to "Auto".
2. Disable 802.11n Mode
3. Ad Hoc Channel 802.11b/g should be 1 or same as you have setup on your router.
4. Ad hoc QoS Mode, keep WMM Disabled - Disable it on router too. My wireless connection was stable once I made this change.
5. Fat Channel Intolerant - Disabled
6. Mixed mode protection - RTS/CTS Enabled
7. Roaming agressiveness - Lowest
8. Throughput Enhancement - Enabled
9. Transmit Power - Lowest
10. Wireless Mode - 802.11g

Uncheck "Allow the computer to turn off this device to save power" on "Power Management" tab.

Other Configurations:

1. Disable IPv6 completely. Uncheck "Internet Protocol IPv6" in Wireless Connection Properties window. Repeat this for every other network connection you have.
2. Make sure that you have latest firmware installed on your wireless router.
3. CTS Mode should be auto and WMM function disabled in your "Advanced Wireless" router configuration.
4. Use WEP or WPA Wireless Security only. Other methods have issues with 802.11n adapters.
5. Do not disable SSID Broadcast on your router. You don't need it when your network is secured.

Hope this helps.

From:
http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_7-networking/intermittent-wireless-connection-issues-in-windows/18656fdc-5d5b-4a2d-bee8-09948bb364b9

Thursday, September 18, 2014

如何换算蛋白的摩尔浓度

Q:蛋白分子量都是由Da来计算的,这和我们平时化合物的分子量有什么不同,他们之间怎么换算,比如我有个蛋白是14KDa,浓度是5mg/L,体积是5ML,怎么换算成摩尔浓度?

A:14kD=14000g/mol=14000000mg/mol
(5mg/L)/(14000000mg/mol)=0.357umol/L



摘自
http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/topic/9541117

Tuesday, September 2, 2014

HOWTO: Be more productive

by Aaron Swartz

“With all the time you spend watching TV,” he tells me, “you could have written a novel by now.” It’s hard to disagree with the sentiment — writing a novel is undoubtedly a better use of time than watching TV — but what about the hidden assumption? Such comments imply that time is “fungible” — that time spent watching TV can just as easily be spent writing a novel. And sadly, that’s just not the case.
Time has various levels of quality. If I’m walking to the subway station and I’ve forgotten my notebook, then it’s pretty hard for me to write more than a couple paragraphs. And it’s tough to focus when you keep getting interrupted. There’s also a mental component: sometimes I feel happy and motivated and ready to work on something, but other times I feel so sad and tired I can only watch TV.
If you want to be more productive then, you have to recognize this fact and deal with it. First, you have to make the best of each kind of time. And second, you have to try to make your time higher-quality.

Spend time efficiently

Choose good problems

Life is short (or so I’m told) so why waste it doing something dumb? It’s easy to start working on something because it’s convenient, but you should always be questioning yourself about it. Is there something more important you can work on? Why don’t you do that instead? Such questions are hard to face up to (eventually, if you follow this rule, you’ll have to ask yourself why you’re not working on the most important problem in the world) but each little step makes you more productive.
This isn’t to say that all your time should be spent on the most important problem in the world. Mine certainly isn’t (after all, I’m writing this essay). But it’s definitely the standard against which I measure my life.

Have a bunch of them

Another common myth is that you’ll get more done if you pick one problem and focus on it exclusively. I find this is hardly ever true. Just this moment for example, I’m trying to fix my posture, exercise some muscles, drink some fluids, clean off my desk, IM with my brother, and write this essay. Over the course the day, I’ve worked on this essay, read a book, had some food, answered some email, chatted with friends, done some shopping, worked on a couple other essays, backed up my hard drive, and organized my book list. In the past week I’ve worked on several different software projects, read several different books, studied a couple different programming languages, moved some of my stuff, and so on.
Having a lot of different projects gives you work for different qualities of time. Plus, you’ll have other things to work on if you get stuck or bored (and that can give your mind time to unstick yourself).
It also makes you more creative. Creativity comes from applying things you learn in other fields to the field you work in. If you have a bunch of different projects going in different fields, then you have many more ideas you can apply.

Make a list

Coming up with a bunch of different things to work on shouldn’t be hard — most people have tons of stuff they want to get done. But if you try to keep it all in your head it quickly gets overwhelming. The psychic pressure of having to remember all of it can make you crazy. The solution is again simple: write it down.
Once you have a list of all the things you want to do, you can organize it by kind. For example, my list is programming, writing, thinking, errands, reading, listening, and watching (in that order).
Most major projects involve a bunch of these different tasks. Writing this, for example, involves reading about other procrastination systems, thinking up new sections of the article, cleaning up sentences, emailing people with questions, and so on, all in addition to the actual work of writing the text. Each task can go under the appropriate section, so that you can do it when you have the right kind of time.

Integrate the list with your life

Once you have this list, the problem becomes remembering to look at it. And the best way to remember to look at it is to make looking at it what you would do anyway. For example, I keep a stack of books on my desk, with the ones I’m currently reading on top. When I need a book to read, I just grab the top one off the stack.
I do the same thing with TV/movies. Whenever I hear about a movie I should watch, I put it in a special folder on my computer. Now whenever I feel like watching TV, I just open up that folder.
I’ve also thought about some more intrusive ways of doing this. For example, a web page that pops up with a list of articles in my “to read” folder whenever I try to check some weblogs. Or maybe even a window that pops up with work suggestions occasionally for me to see when I’m goofing off.

Make your time higher quality

Making the best use of the time you have can only get you so far. The much more important problem is making more higher quality time for yourself. Most people’s time is eaten up by things like school and work. Obviously if you attend one of these, you should stop. But what else can you do?

Ease physical constraints

Carry pen and paper

Pretty much everyone interesting I know has some sort of pocket notebook they carry at all times. Pen and paper is immediately useful in all kinds of circumstances — if you need to write something down for somebody, take notes on something, scratch down an idea, and so on. I’ve even written whole articles in the subway.1
(I used to do this, but now I just carry my computerphone everywhere. It doesn’t let me give people information physically, but it makes up for it by giving me something to read all the time (email) and pushing my notes straight into my email inbox, where I’m forced to deal with them right away.)

Avoid being interrupted

For tasks that require serious focus, you should avoid getting interrupted. One simple way is to go somewhere interrupters can’t find you. Another is to set up an agreement with the people around you: “don’t bother me when the door is closed” or “IM me if I have headphones on” (and then you can ignore the IMs until you’re free).
You don’t want to overdo it. Sometimes if you’re really wasting time you should be distracted. It’s a much better use of time to help someone else with their problem than it is to sit and read the news. That’s why setting up specific agreements is a good idea: you can be interrupted when you’re not really focusing.

Ease mental constraints

Eat, sleep, exercise

Time when you’re hungry or tired or twitchy is low-quality time. Improving it is simple: eat, sleep, and exercise. Yet I somehow manage to screw up even this. I don’t like going to get food, so I’ll often work right through being hungry and end up so tired out that I can’t bring myself to go get food.2
It’s tempting to say to yourself, “I know I’m tired but I can’t take a nap — I have work to do”. In fact, you’ll be much more productive if you do take that nap, since you’ll improve the quality of the day’s remaining time and you were going to have to sleep sometime anyway.
I don’t really exercise much so I’m probably not the best person to give advice on that bit, but I do try to work it in where I can. While I’m lying down reading, I do situps. And when I need to go somewhere on foot, I run.

Talk to cheerful people

Easing mental constraints is much harder. One thing that helps is having friends who are cheerful. For example, I always find myself much more inclined to work after talking to Paul Graham or Dan Connolly — they just radiate energy. It’s tempting to think that you need to get away from people and shut yourself off in your room to do any real work, but this can be so demoralizing that it’s actually less efficient.

Share the load

Even if your friends aren’t cheerful, just working on a hard problem with someone else makes it much easier. For one thing, the mental weight gets spread across both people. For another, having someone else there forces you to work instead of getting distracted.

Procrastination and the mental force field

But all of this is sort of dodging the issue. The real productivity problem people have is procrastination. It’s something of a dirty little secret, but everyone procrastinates — severely. It’s not just you. But that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try to stop it.
What is procrastination? To the outside observer, it looks like you’re just doing something “fun” (like playing a game or reading the news) instead of doing your actual work. (This usually causes the outside observer to think you’re lazy and bad.) But the real question is: what’s going on inside your head?
I’ve spent a bunch of time trying to explore this and the best way I can describe it is that your brain puts up a sort of mental force field around a task. Ever play with two magnets? If you orient the magnets properly and try to push them towards each other, they’ll repel fiercely. As you move them around, you can sort of feel out the edges of the magnetic field. And as you try to bring the magnets together, the field will push you back or off in another direction.
The mental block seems to work in the same way. It’s not particularly solid or visible, but you can sort of feel it around the edges. And the more you try to go towards it the more it pushes you away. And so, not surprisingly, you end up going in another direction.3
And just as you can’t get two repelling magnets to sit together just by pushing real hard — they’ll fling back as soon as you stop pushing — I’ve never been able to overcome this mental force field through sheer willpower. Instead, you have to be sneaky about it — you have to rotate a magnet.
So what causes the mental force field? There appear to be two major factors: whether the task is hard and whether it’s assigned.
Hard problems
Break it down
The first kind of hard problem is the problem that’s too big. Say you want to build a recipe organizing program. Nobody can really just sit down and build a recipe organizer. That’s a goal, not a task. A task is a specific concrete step you can take towards your goal. A good first task might be something like “draw a mockup of the screen that displays a recipe”. Now that’s something you can do.4
And when you do that, the next steps become clearer. You have to decide what a recipe consists of, what kind of search features are needed, how to structure the recipe database, and so on. You build up a momentum, each task leading to the next. And as your brain gets crunching on the subject, it becomes easier to solve that subject’s problems.
For each of my big projects, I think of all the tasks I can do next for them and add them to my categorized todo list (see above). And when I stop working on something, I add its next possible tasks to the todo list.
Simplify it
Another kind of hard problem is the one that’s too complicated or audacious. Writing a book seems daunting, so start by doing an essay. If an essay is too much, start by writing a paragraph summary. The important thing is to have something done right away.
Once you have something, you can judge it more accurately and understand the problem better. It’s also much easier to improve something that already exists than to work at a blank page. If your paragraph goes well, then maybe it can grow into an essay and then into a book, little by little, a perfectly reasonable piece of writing all the way through..
Think about it
Often the key to solving a hard problem will be getting some piece of inspiration. If you don’t know much about the field, you should obviously start by researching it — see how other people did things, get a sense of the terrain. Sit and try and understand the field fully. Do some smaller problems to see if you have a handle on it.
Assigned problems
Assigned problems are problems you’re told to work on. Numerous psychology experiments have found that when you try to “incentivize” people to do something, they’re less likely to do it and do a worse job. External incentives, like rewards and punishments, kills what psychologists call your “intrinsic motivation” — your natural interest in the problem. (This is one of the most thoroughly replicated findings of social psychology — over 70 studies have found that rewards undermine interest in the task.)5 People’s heads seem to have a deep avoidance of being told what to do.6
The weird thing is that this phenomenon isn’t just limited to other people — it even happens when you try to tell yourself what to do! If you say to yourself, “I should really work on X, that’s the most important thing to do right now” then all of the sudden X becomes the toughest thing in the world to make yourself work on. But as soon as Y becomes the most important thing, the exact same X becomes much easier.
Create a false assignment
This presents a rather obvious solution: if you want to work on X, tell yourself to do Y. Unfortunately, it’s sort of difficult to trick yourself intentionally, because you know you’re doing it.7 So you’ve got to be sneaky about it.
One way is to get someone else to assign something to you. The most famous instance of this is grad students who are required to write a dissertation, a monumentally difficult task that they need to do to graduate. And so, to avoid doing this, grad students end up doing all sorts of other hard stuff.
The task has to both seem important (you have to do this to graduate!) and big (hundreds of pages of your best work!) but not actually be so important that putting it off is going to be a disaster.
Don’t assign problems to yourself
It’s very tempting to say “alright, I need to put all this aside, hunker down and finish this essay”. Even worse is to try to bribe yourself into doing something, like saying “alright, if I just finish this essay then I’ll go and eat some candy”. But the absolute worst of all is to get someone else to try to force you to do something.
All of these are very tempting — I’ve done them all myself — but they’re completely counterproductive. In all three cases, you’ve basically assigned yourself a task. Now your brain is going to do everything it can to escape it.
Make things fun
Hard work isn’t supposed to be pleasant, we’re told. But in fact it’s probably the most enjoyable thing I do. Not only does a tough problem completely absorb you while you’re trying to solve it, but afterwards you feel wonderful having accomplished something so serious.
So the secret to getting yourself to do something is not to convince yourself you have to do it, but to convince yourself that it’s fun. And if it isn’t, then you need to make it fun.
I first got serious about this when I had to write essays for college. Writing essays isn’t a particularly hard task, but it sure is assigned. Who would voluntarily write a couple pages connecting the observations of two random books? So I started making the essays into my own little jokes. For one, I decided to write each paragraph in its own little style, trying my best to imitate various forms of speech. (This had the added benefit of padding things out.)8
Another way to make things more fun is to solve the meta-problem. Instead of building a web application, try building a web application framework with this as the example app. Not only will the task be more enjoyable, but the result will probably be more useful.

Conclusion

There are a lot of myths about productivity — that time is fungible, that focusing is good, that bribing yourself is effective, that hard work is unpleasant, that procrastinating is unnatural — but they all have a common theme: a conception of real work as something that goes against your natural inclinations.
And for most people, in most jobs, this may be the case. There’s no reason you should be inclined to write boring essays or file pointless memos. And if society is going to force you to do so anyway, then you need to learn to shut out the voices in your head telling you to stop.
But if you’re trying to do something worthwhile and creative, then shutting down your brain is entirely the wrong way to go. The real secret to productivity is the reverse: to listen to your body. To eat when you’re hungry, to sleep when you’re tired, to take a break when you’re bored, to work on projects that seem fun and interesting.
It seems all too simple. It doesn’t involve any fancy acronyms or self-determination or personal testimonials from successful businessmen. It almost seems like common sense. But society’s conception of work has pushed us in the opposite direction. If we want to be more productive, all we need to do is turn around.

Further reading

If you want to learn more about the pscyhology of motivation, there is nothing better than Alfie Kohn. He’s written many articles on the subject and an entire book, Punished by Rewards, which I highly recommend.
I hope to address how to quit school in a future essay, but you should really just go out and pick up The Teenage Liberation Handbook. If you’re a computer person, one way to quit your job is by applying for funding from Y Combinator. Meanwhile, Mickey Z’s book The Murdering of My Years features artists and activists describing how they manage to make ends meet while still doing what they want.

Notes


  1. Believe it or not, I actually have written in subways. It’s easy to come up with excuses as to why you’re not actually working — you don’t have enough time before your next appointment, people are making noise downstairs, etc. — but I find that when the inspiration strikes me, I can actually write stuff down on a subway car, where it’s absurdly loud and I only have a couple minutes before I have to get out and start walking. 
  2. The same problem exists for sleep. There’s nothing worse than being too tired to go to bed — you just feel like a zombie. 
  3. Now it turns out I experience this same phenomenon in another area: shyness. I often don’t want to call a stranger up on the phone or go talk to someone at a party and I have the exact same mental field pushing me off in some other direction. I suspect this might be because shyness is also a trait that results from a problematic childhood. (See “Assigned problems”.) Of course, this is all very speculative. 
  4. While the terminology I use here (“next concrete step”) is derived from David Allen’s Getting Things Done, a lot of the principles here are (perhaps even unconsciously) applied in Extreme Programming (XP). Extreme Programming is presented as this system for keeping programs organized, but I find that a lot of it is actually good advice for avoid procrastination.
    For example, pair programming automatically spreads the mental weight of the task across two people as well as giving people something useful to do during lower-quality time. Breaking a project down into concrete steps is another key part of XP, as is getting something that works done right away and improving on it (“Simplify it” infra). And these are just the things that aren’t programming-specific. 
  5. For a fantastic overview of the literature, see Alfie Kohn, Punished By Rewards. This specific claim is drawn from his article Challenging Behaviorist Dogma: Myths About Money and Motivation
  6. I originally simply assumed this was somehow biological, but Paul Graham pointed out it’s more likely learned. When you’re little, your parents try their best to manipulate you. They say do your homework and your mind tries to wriggle free and think about something else. Soon enough the wriggling becomes habit. Either way, it’s going to be a tough problem to fix. I’ve given up trying to change this; now I try to work around it. 
  7. Richard Feynman tells a story about how he was trying to explore his own dreams, much the way I’ve tried to explore my own procrastination. Each night, he’d try to observe what happened to himself as he fell asleep:
    I’m dreaming one night as usual, making observations, … and then I realize I’ve been sleeping with the back of my head against a brass rod. I put my hand behind my head and I feel that the back of my head is soft. I think, “Aha! That’s why I’ve been able to make all these observations in my dreams: the brass rod has disturbed my visual cortex. All I have to do is sleep with a brass rod under my head and I can make these observations any time I want. So I think I’ll stop making observations on this one and go into deeper sleep.”
    When I woke up later, there was no brass rod, nor was the back of my head soft. Somehow … my brain had invented false reasons as to why I shouldn’t [observe my dreams] any more. (Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!, 50)
    Your brain is a lot more powerful than you are. 
  8. So, for example, instead of writing “By contrast, Riis doesn’t quote many people.”, I wrote: “Riis, however, whether because of a personal deficit in the skill-based capacity required for collecting aurally-transmitted person-centered contemporaneous ethnographies into published paper-based informative accounts or simply a lack of preference for the reportage of community-located informational correspondents, demonstrates a total failure in producing a comparable result.”
    The professor, apparently seriously desensitized to bad writing, never seemed to realize I was joking (despite going over the paper with me one-on-one!).

    from:http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/productivity 



如何提高效率
肯定有人跟你说过这样的话“你有看电视的那么长时间,都可以用来写一本书了”,不可否认写书肯定比看电视更好的利用了时间,但是这个结论的成立需要一个假设:“时间是可互换的”,也就是说看电视的时间可以轻松的用来写书。但是很遗憾,事实并非如此。
不同的时间有不同的质量等级。如果我在走向地铁站的路上发现自己的笔记本忘带了,我就很难集中注意力写文章。同样,当你不停的被打断的时候,你也很 难集中注意力。这里还有一些心理和情感上的因素,有的时候我心情很好,愿意主动去做一些事,但还有一些时候我感到很抑郁和疲惫,就只能看看电视了。
如果你想变的更加有效率,你必须意识到这个事实,并且很好的处理它。首先,你必须很好的利用不同种类的时间。其次,你必须让你的时间更有效率。
一、更有效的利用你的时间
1、选择合适的问题
生命是如此的短暂,为什么浪费时间做一些没意义的事呢?做一些让你感到舒适的事很容易,但是你应该问问自己为什么要做这些事呢?有没有一些更重要的事等着你去做?为什么你不去做那些事呢?这些问题很难回答,但是每解决一个都会让你更有效率。
这不是说你所有的时间都应该用来做那些最重要的事。我的时间就肯定不是这样(否则,我现在就不会在写这篇文章了)。但是,这是我衡量自己的生活是否充实的重要标准。
2、收集很多问题
另一个很多人都知道的秘密是:如果你认准一个问题,投入全部精力去解决它,这样你的效率是最高的。我发现这却是很难实现的。以现在为例,我正在锻炼 身体,喝橙汁,整理桌面,和我弟弟聊天,同时在写现在这篇文章。今天一整天,我写了现在这篇文章,读了一本书,吃了点东西,回复了几封邮件,和一些朋友聊 了聊天,买了点东西,改了改其他几篇文章,备份了硬盘,还整理了一下图书列表。
有很多不同的项目让我能够在不同质量的时间下做不同的工作。更重要的是,在你卡壳或是厌烦的时候有其他的一些事可以做。
这同时会让你变得更加有创造力。创造力就是你把自己从其他地方学到的东西能够用到你的工作中。如果你同时做许多不同方向的工作,那你就会得到更多的想法和创意。
3、列一个清单
找一些不同的事同时做并不困难,大部分人都有很多很多的待办事项。但是如果你想把它们全记在脑袋里的话,它们就会慢慢消失。要记住所有这些事所给你带来的心智上的压力会把你压垮。解决办法仍然是很简单:把它们写下来。
一旦你把要做的事列成了一个清单,你就可以更好的分类组织它们了。比如说,我的清单包括:编程,思考,差事,读书,娱乐休息。
大部分项目都包括很多不同的任务。以写这篇文章为例,除了真正的写作过程,还包括了阅读其他关于拖沓的文章,考虑文章的各个部分,整理语句,向别人请教问题等等。每一项任务都属于清单的不同部分,所以你可以在合适的时间才去做某一部分。
4、把任务清单和你的生活结合起来
一旦你有了这样一个任务清单,你需要做的事就是时常记得它,而记住它的最好方法是把它放在你能看到的地方。比如说,我总在我桌子上放一摞书,最上面的那一本就是我最近在读的。当我想要读书的时候,我就直接从上面拿一本书来读。
对于看电视/电影我也这么做。当我对某一个电影感兴趣的时候,我会把它放在电脑中一个特殊的文件夹内。每当我想休息一下,看看电影的时候,我就会打开那个文件夹。
我也想过一些更深入的方式,比如说我把一些想看的文章标记为“待读”,当我想要上网的时候就看看那些从前积累下来的未读文章。
二、提高你时间的质量
像上面那样最大限度的利用时间还远远不够,更重要的是提高你自己的时间的质量。那你究竟该怎样做呢?
1、减轻身体上的约束
  • 携带纸和笔:我认识的很多人的口袋里都有记事簿之类的东西。纸和笔在很多时候都是非常有用的,你可以随时随刻的记录自己的想法,我甚至通过这种方法在地铁上写过整篇文章。
  • 避免被打扰:对于那些需要集中注意力的任务,你应该尽量避免被打扰。一个很简单的方法是去一个没人能打扰你的地方,另一个方法是告诉周围的人未来 一段时间不要打扰你。关于这点不要过犹不及。当你在浪费时间的时候你反倒应该被打扰一下,帮助别人解决问题肯定比坐在那里看新闻更好的利用了时间。
2、减轻心理上的约束
  1. 吃,睡,运动:当你感到很饿,很累,很焦躁的时候,你的时间的质量会很低。解决这个问题很简单,就是:去吃,去睡,去运动。对自己说“虽然我很累 了,但我不能休息,因为我必须要工作”会让你感到自己很努力,但事实上休息之后你的效率会更高。既然你迟早都要睡觉,还不如先休息好,来提高剩余时间内的 效率。
  2. 与快乐的人相处:跟快乐的人相处会也会让你变得快乐,也会让你心态更放松。也许很多人愿意躲在屋子里,不与其他人接触,埋头干活,他们觉得这样的话时间才没有被“浪费”,但事实上这会让他们变得情绪低落,工作效率也会大大下降。
  3. 与朋友分担你的压力:即使你的朋友并不是能够感染他人,给你带来快乐的那种人,和其他的人一起解决复杂的问题也会让问题变得简单。一方面,精神上的压力大家可以互相分担,另一方面,和其他人在一起可以让你专注于工作而不是时常分心。
三、拖沓
上面所说的那些并不是问题的重点,关于效率大家最大的问题还是“拖沓”。虽然很多人不承认,但是几乎所有人都或多或少的会拖沓。那又该如何避免呢?
拖沓是什么?从旁观者来看,你在做好玩的事(如玩游戏,看新闻)而不是做真正的工作。但问题的关键是:你究竟为什么会这样?你的脑子里究竟是怎么想的?
我花了很多时间来研究这件事,我能给出的最好解释是在大脑会给每一项任务赋予一个“脑力场”。你玩过两块磁铁相互作用吗?如果你让它们异极相对,他们就会相互排斥,你会感到他们之间的磁场力。你越是想要把它们和在一起,越会感到它们之间的排斥力。
心智和精神上也是类似的。它是看不见摸不着的,但你却可以感受到它的存在。并且你越是想要接近它,它会离你越远。
你不可能通过蛮力来克服两个场之间的排斥力,相反,你应该做的是调转方向。
那又是什么产生了“精神力场”呢?似乎有两个主要原因:任务是否艰巨,任务是否是被指派的。
四、艰巨的任务
1、把任务细分
一个任务很艰巨的原因之一是这个任务很宏大。比如说你想要做一个菜谱构造程序,没有人能一下子完成它,这是一个目标而不是一项任务。一项任务是使你能够朝向目标更进一步的具体概念。一个好的任务是你能够立即拿来实施的,比如“画一个展示菜谱的草图”。
当你完成了上一个任务后,下一步就会变得更加清晰。你将会考虑一个菜谱有什么构成,你需要什么样的搜索机制,如何构建菜谱的数据库,等等。这样你就构建了一个引擎,每一个任务都会通向下一个任务。
对于每一个比较大的项目,我都会考虑我需要完成一连串什么样的任务,并且将这些任务加入到我的待办事项列表中去。同样,当我做完一些任务之后我会把接下来需要完成的任务再加入任务列表中去。
2、简化任务
另一个让任务变得艰巨的原因就是它太复杂了。“写一本书”这个任务会放你感到无从下手,那么就先从写一篇文章开始吧。如果一篇文章也觉得太多了,那么就先写一个段落的概要吧。最重要的是真正做了一些工作,真正的有进展。
一旦你明确了你的任务之后,你就可以更清楚的判断它,更容易的理解它。提高完善一些已有的东西比从头创建东西更容易。如果你的一个段落写好了,那么一点一点积累,它会变成一篇文章,最终变成一本书。
3、认真考虑它
通常来说解决一个困难问题需要一些灵感。如果你对那个领域并不熟悉,你应该从研究这个领域开始,借鉴一下其他人的经验,慢慢的研究理解这个领域,并且做一些小的尝试看看你能否搞定这个领域。
五、被指派的任务
被指派的任务是那些你被要求完成的任务。很多心理学实验都表明:当你”刺激”其他人做什么事的时候,他们反倒不容易做好那个事。奖励,惩罚等外部刺激会扼杀”内在动机”–你对于某个问题发自内心的兴趣。人类的大脑对于被要求做的事有先天的抗拒力。
这种现象不仅局限于其他人要求你做的事,当你向自己分配任务时仍然会出现这种现象。如果你对自己说”我应该好好做X工作了,这是我现在最重要的事”,之后你就会感到X突然变成了世界上最困难的事情了。然而一旦当Y变成了”最重要的事”,原来的那个X又变得简单了。

1、虚构一个任务
如果你要完成X,那就告诉自己做Y。然而不幸的是,这样欺骗自己却很难,因为你清楚你究竟要做什么。
2、不要自己给自己布置任务
给自己布置任务看起来很诱人,比如对自己说“我要写完这篇文章才去吃饭”,更糟糕的是让别人假装布置给你一些任务。但是这两种方式都会让你变得更没有效率,事实上你还是在给自己布置任务,你的大脑只会去逃避它。
3、把事情变得有趣
困难的工作听起来不会令人感到愉悦,但事实上这可能就是最能让我感到高兴的事。一个困难的问题不但能让你集中全部注意力,而且当你完成它的时候你会感到非常棒,非常有成就感。
所以帮助自己完成一件事的秘密不是说服自己必须完成它,而是说服自己这件事确实非常有意思。如果一件事没有意思的话,你需要做的就是让它变得有意思
六、总结
效率的真正秘密在于“聆听自己”,在你饿的时候吃饭,在你疲惫的时候睡觉,当你厌烦的时候休息一下,做那些有趣好玩的项目。
这看起来很容易,但是社会上的一些观念正在把我们向相反的方向引导。要想变得更加有效率,我们需要做的就是转过头来“聆听自己”。




Sunday, August 10, 2014

【人生最重要的选择是什么】【转摘】

比尔·盖茨去年在接受杨澜采访时,被问到他一生中最聪明的决定是创建微软还是大举慈善?他回答都不是,找到合适的人结婚才是!而沃伦·巴菲特曾经也谈过,自己认为人生中最重要的决定是跟什么人结婚,而不是任何一笔投资。选择伴侣不仅是选择一个人,更是选择一种生活方式。


婚姻幸福是人生最重要的选择之一。选择婚姻对象,就是选择一种生活方式,也是改变命运的一次机会。美满幸福的婚姻,肯定少不了宽容、牺牲和坚守,因为这个世界上没有人是完全符合你理想中的TA。 

何为幸福?(转摘)

"忙碌奔波型"的人,错误地认为成功就是幸福,坚信目标实现后的放松和解脱,就是幸福。因此,他们不停地从一个目标奔向另一个目标。

奋斗了这些年,你幸福吗?

启发:

   这篇文章虽然很长,但是强烈建议一定要读完。手机上读不完也要转载到微博、笔记上面回头再看,因为它非常有意义。

   我平时看到好的文章一般先放到onenote笔记本,这个软件是电脑和是手机同步的,一有点空闲就拿出来读,如等餐,地铁上,排队等等。非常好的把我的碎片时间用起来了,这一,二年,居然看了500多篇文章,有的反反复复读了很多便,非常有感觉。

    这也是后来我们做每日深读的缘由,其实每天发的文章只不过是一个外显而已,真正得到修行提升的是自己。

     所以在这里,呼吁大家一起来读,并回复感受,坚持一周试试,你会很有收获。

1、幸福对每个人来说都不一样,当都需要你平静下来,静下心来体会。我们提炼出10条幸福要点,可以供大家静下心来体会一下
1)遵从你内心的热情;
2)多和朋友们在一起;
3)坦然面对失败;
4)接受自己全然为人;
5)简化生活;
6)有规律地锻炼;
7)睡眠;
8)慷慨;
9)勇敢;
10)表达感激。

2、我们习惯衡量商业成就时,用钱来做标准。用钱去评估资产和债务、利润和亏损,所有与钱无关的都不会被考虑进去,金钱是最高的财富。
   但很少人想过:如果把人的一生看做一个企业的经验,那么会发现,人生与商业一样,也有盈利和亏损。  负面情绪当作支出, 正面情绪当作收入。当正面情绪多于负面情绪时,我们在幸福这一‘至高 财富’上就盈利了。

3、 幸福,应该是快乐与意义的结合。“一个幸福的人,必须有一个明确的、可以带来快乐和意义的目标,然后努力地去追求。真正快乐的人,会在自己觉得有意义的生活方式里,享受它的点点滴滴。” 寻找真正能让自己快乐而有意义的目标,才是获得幸福的关键。

   现实生活中的大部分人,都属于“忙碌奔波型”或者“享乐主义型”,这样的状态顶多让你一时感到充实,但无法持续让你感到幸福。一个幸福的人,是即能享受当下所做的事,又可以获得更美满的未来。

   当你感受不到幸福的时候,问问自己:我做的事情,对我有意义吗?它们给我带来了乐趣吗?我的内心,是否鼓励我去做不同的尝试?是不是在提醒我,需要彻底 改变目前的生活? “在越感兴趣的事情里,人就越能发挥自己的天赋,越能做得持久。人一旦有了热情,不但动机坚定,连做事效率也会提高”。

4、一个幸福的人,在生活的各个层面上都会很成功,包括婚姻、友谊、收入、工作表现以及健康。幸福与成功,存在强烈的相互作用,无论是工作上还是感情上的成功,可以带来幸福;而幸福本身,也能带来更多的成功。

5、 只要你追随自己的天赋和内心,你就会发现,生命的轨迹原已存在,正期待你的光临,你所经历的,正是你应拥有的生活。当你能够感觉到自己正行走在命运的轨道 上,你会发现,周围的人,开始源源不断地带给你新的机会。 “在追求有意义而又快乐的目标时,我们不再是消磨光阴,而是在让时间,闪闪发光。”


正文

比对以下两文章来读,一个是西方理解的幸福,一个是中国理解的幸福

一、哈佛的幸福课

出人意料,去年哈佛最受欢迎的选修课是“幸福课”,听课人数超过了王牌课《经济学导论》。教这门课的是一位名不见经传的年轻讲师,名叫泰勒·本-沙哈尔。

在一周两次的“幸福课”上,本-沙哈尔没有大讲特讲怎么成功,而是深入浅出地教他的学生,如何更快乐、更充实、更幸福。

本 -沙哈尔自称是一个害羞、内向的人。“在哈佛,我第一次教授积极心理学课时,只有8个学生报名,其中,还有2人中途退课。第二 次,我有近400名学生。到了第三次,当学生数目达到850人时,上课更多的是让我感到紧张和不安。特别是当学生的家长、爷爷奶奶和那些媒体的朋友们,开 始出现在我课堂上的时侯。”

本-沙哈尔成了“哈佛红人”。校刊和《波士顿环球报》等多家媒体,报道了积极心理学课在哈佛火爆的情景。
“幸福课”为何会在哈佛大受欢迎?

我们越来越富有,可为什么还是不开心呢

“我曾不快乐了30年。”本-沙哈尔这样说自己。

他也是哈佛的毕业生,从本科读到博士。在哈佛,作为三名优秀生之一,他曾被派往剑桥进行交换学习。他还是个一流的运动员,在社团活动方面也很活跃。但这些并没有让他感到持久的幸福。他坦言,自己的内心并不快乐。
“最初,引起我对积极心理学兴趣的是我的经历。我开始意识到,内在的东西比外在的东西,对幸福感更重要。通过研究这门学科,我受益匪浅。我想把我所学的东西和别人一起分享,于是,我决定做一名教师。”

在本-沙哈尔第二次开设“幸福课”的2004年,哈佛校报上有一篇报道:《学校面临心理健康危机》,标题下的导语说:在过去的一年,绝大多数学生感到过沮丧和消沉。文章引述了一位学校舍区辅导员写给舍区主管的信。
“我快覆没了。”这位辅导员写道。在他分管的舍区内,有20个学生出现了心理问题。一个学生因为严重焦虑而无法完成学期作业;另一 个学生因为精神崩溃而错过三门考试……舍区主管把这封信转给了哈佛校长,并强调该舍区的问题并不是特例。

一位曾患严重焦虑和情绪紊乱的哈佛毕业生说:大多数哈佛学生还没意识到,即使那些表面看来很积极、很棒的学生,也很有可能正在被心理疾病折磨着,即使你是他最要好的朋友,也未必意识到他有心理问题。
“在内心深处,我经常觉得自己会窒息或者死去。”这名学生说。她时常不明原由地哭泣,总要把自己关起来才能睡觉。她看过几个心理医 生,试过6种药物,休学两个月,来应付自己的心理问题。“我是一个成绩优异的哈佛精神病患者。”她这样描述自己。

有个名叫玛丽亚的哈佛女生,在宿舍内自杀,年仅19岁。她的室友回忆说:就在自杀前一晚,玛丽亚和班里同学谈论天气时,还表现得十 分开心的样子。“她看起来很好。她在听音乐,调子好像还很欢快。”

哈佛一项持续6个月的调查发现,学生正面临普遍的心理健康危机。调查称:过去的一年中,有80%的哈佛学生,至少有过一次感到非常 沮丧、消沉。47%的学生,至少有过一次因为太沮丧而无法正常做事,10%的学生称他们曾经考虑过自杀……
“我 们越来越富有,可为什么还是不开心呢?”这是令许多美国人深感困惑的问题。据统计,在美国,抑郁症的患病率,比起20世纪60 年代高出10倍,抑郁症的发病年龄,也从上世纪60年代的29.5岁下降到今天的14.5岁。而许多国家,也正在步美国后尘。1957年,英国有52%的 人,表示自己感到非常幸福,而到了2005年,只剩下36%。但在这段时间里,英国国民的平均收入却提高了3倍。

我们来到这个世上,到底追求什么才是最重要的?

本-沙哈尔坚定地认为:幸福感是衡量人生的唯一标准,是所有目标的最终目标。
“人们衡量商业成就时,标准是钱。用钱去评估资产和债务、利润和亏损,所有与钱无关的都不会被考虑进去,金钱是最高的财富。但是我认为,人生与商业一样,也有盈利和亏损。
“具体地说,在看待自己的生命时,可以把负面情绪当作支出,把正面情绪当作收入。当正面情绪多于负面情绪时,我们在幸福这一‘至高 财富’上就盈利了。

长期的抑郁,可以被看成是一种‘情感破产’。整个社会,也有可能面临这种问题,如果个体的问题不断增长,焦虑和压力的问题越来越多,社会就正在走向幸福的‘大萧条’。”

一项有关“幸福”的研究表明,人的幸福感主要取决3个因素:“遗传基因、与幸福有关的环境因素以及能够帮助我们获得幸福的行动。而 积极心理学,可以帮助人们活得更快乐、更充实。幸福,是可以通过学习和练习获得的。”

本-沙哈尔说:“我知道它是可行的,因为,它已深深地帮助了我。”

我们的很多课,都在教学生如何更好地思考、更好地阅读、更好地写作,可是为什么就不该有人教学生更好地生活呢?把艰深的积极心理学学术成果简约化、实用化,教学生懂得自我帮助,这是本-沙哈尔开设“幸福课”的初衷。

幸福,应该是快乐与意义的结合


让本-沙哈尔对幸福的理解,发生根本转变的起因,是他早年的一次重要经历。
16岁那年,在以色列长大的本-沙哈尔,获得了全国壁球赛的冠军。在长达5年的训练中,空虚感如影相伴,他一直觉得生命中缺少了什 么。虽为此闷闷不乐,但他仍坚信:无论身体或心理都要坚强,才能最终取胜;而胜利,一定会带来充实感,也能让自己最终幸福。

终于,本-沙哈尔如愿以偿,夺冠后的他欣喜若狂,和家人、朋友举行了隆重的庆贺。那时,他对自己的理念更加深信不疑:成功可以带来快乐,过去所受的种种苦痛,都是值得的。
“可 就在那天晚上,睡前我坐在床上,试着再回味一下无限的快感。可是突然间,那种胜利的感觉,那种梦想成真的喜悦,所有的快乐,都消失得无影无踪。我的内心, 忽然又变得很空虚,只有迷惘和恐惧。泪水涌出,不再是喜极而泣,而是伤心难过。在如此顺意的情况下,尚不能感到幸福的话,那我 将到何处,去寻找我人生的幸福?”

他极力让自己镇定,并告诉自己这只是暂时的神经过敏。但在接下来的日子里,他仍没有找回快乐;相反,内心的空虚感越来越重。慢慢地他发现:胜利,并没为他带来任何幸福,他所依赖的逻辑彻底被打破。“从那时起,我开始对一个问题非常着迷:如何才能得到真正的幸福?”

本-沙哈尔注意观察周围的人,谁看起来幸福,他就向谁请教。他读有关幸福的书,从亚里士多德到孔子,从古代哲学到现代心理学,从学术研究到自助书籍等等。最后他决定去大学主修哲学和心理学。

他的幸福观,逐渐清晰起来:幸福,应该是快乐与意义的结合。
“一个幸福的人,必须有一个明确的、可以带来快乐和意义的目标,然后努力地去追求。真正快乐的人,会在自己觉得有意义的生活方式里,享受它的点点滴滴。”

本-沙哈尔竟然从汉堡里,总结出了4种人生模式。

当 年,为了准备重要赛事,除了苦练外,他须严格节制饮食。开赛前一个月,只能吃最瘦的肉类,全麦的碳水化合物,以及新鲜蔬菜和水果。他曾暗中发誓,一旦赛事 完了,一定要大吃两天“垃圾食品”。比赛一结束,他干的第一件事,就是奔到自己喜爱的汉堡店,一口气买下4只汉堡。当他急不可 待地撕开纸包,把汉堡放在嘴边的刹那,却停住了。因为他意识到,上个月,因为健康的饮食,自己体能充沛。如果享受了眼前汉堡的美味,很可能会后悔,并影响 自己的健康。望着眼前的汉堡,他突然发现,它们每一种都有自己独特的风味,可以说,代表着4种不同的人生模式。

第 一种汉堡,就是他最先抓起的那只,口味诱人,但却是标准的“垃圾食品”。吃它等于是享受眼前的快乐,但同时也埋下未来的痛苦。用 它比喻人生,就是及时享乐,出卖未来幸福的人生,即“享乐主义型”;第二种汉堡,口味很差,里边全是蔬菜和有机食物,吃了可以使人日后更健康,但会吃得很 痛苦。牺牲眼前的幸福,为的是追求未来的目标,他称之为“忙碌奔波型”;第三种汉堡,是最糟糕的,既不美味,吃了还会影响日后的健康。与此相似的人,对生 活丧失了希望和追求,既不享受眼前的事物,也不对未来抱期许,是“虚无主义型”;会不会还有一种汉堡,又好吃,又健康呢?那就是第四种“幸福型”汉堡。一 个幸福的人,是即能享受当下所做的事,又可以获得更美满的未来。

不幸的是,据本-沙哈尔观察,现实生活中的大部分人,都属于“忙碌奔波型”。

人们习惯性地去关注下一个目标,而常常忽略了眼前的事情


本-沙哈尔经常讲“蒂姆的故事”。在这个故事里,晃动着许多人熟悉的影子。

蒂 姆小时候,是个无忧无虑的孩子。但自打上小学那天起,他忙碌奔波的人生就开始了。父母和老师总告诫他,上学的目的,就是取得好成绩,这样长大后,才能找到 好工作。没人告诉他,学校,可以是个获得快乐的地方,学习,可以是件令人开心的事。因为害怕考试考不好,担心作文写错字,蒂姆背 负着焦虑和压力。他天天盼望的,就是下课和放学。他的精神寄托就是每年的假期。

渐渐地,蒂姆接受了大人的价值观。虽 然他不喜欢学校,但还是努力学习。成绩好时,父母和老师都夸他,同学们也羡慕他。到高中时,蒂姆已对此深信不疑:牺牲现在,是为了换取未来的幸福;没有痛 苦,就不会有收获。当压力大到无法承受时,他安慰自己:一旦上了大学,一切就会变好。

收到大学录取通知书时,蒂姆激动得落泪。他长长舒了一口气:现在,可以开心地生活了。但没过几天,那熟悉的焦虑又卷土重来。他担心在和大学同学的竞争中,自己不能取胜。如果不能打败他们,自己将来就找不到好工作。

大学4年,蒂姆依旧奔忙着,极力为自己的履历表增光添彩。他成立学生社团、做义工,参加多种运动项目,小心翼翼地选修课程,但这一 切完全不是出于兴趣,而是这些科目,可以保证他获得好成绩。

大 四那年,蒂姆被一家著名的公司录用了。他又一次兴奋地告诉自己,这回终于可以享受生活了。可他很快就感觉到,这份每周需要工作 84小时的高薪工作,充满压力。他又说服自己:没关系,这样干,今后的职位才会更稳固,才能更快地升职。当然,他也有开心的时刻,在加薪、拿到奖金或升职 时。但这些满足感,很快就消退了。

经过多年的打拼,蒂姆成了公司合伙人。他曾多么渴望这一天。可是,当这一天真的到来时,他却没觉得多快乐。蒂姆拥有了豪宅、名牌跑车。他的存款一辈子都用不完。

他 被身边的人认定为成功的典型。朋友拿他当偶像,来教育自己的小孩。可是蒂姆呢,由于无法在盲目的追求中找到幸福,他干脆把注意力集中在了眼下,用酗酒、吸 毒来麻醉自己。他尽可能延长假期,在阳光下的海滩一呆就是几个钟头,享受着毫无目的的人生,再也不去担心明天的事。起初,他快活 极了,但很快,他又感到了厌倦。

做“忙碌奔波型”并不快乐,做“享乐主义型”也不开心,因为找不到出路,蒂姆决定向命运投降,听天由命。但他的孩子们怎么办呢?他 该引导他们过怎样的一种人生呢?蒂姆为此深感痛苦。


为什么当今社会有那么多“忙碌奔波型”的人呢?本-沙哈尔这样解释:因为人们常常被“幸福的假象”所蒙蔽。

我们所处的社会环境和文化背景是这样的:假如孩子成绩全优,家长就会给奖励;如果员工工作出色,老板就会发给奖金。人们习惯性地去 关注下一个目标,而常常忽略了眼前的事情,最后,导致终生的盲目追求。

然而一旦目标达成后,人们常把放松的心情,解释为幸福。好像事情越难做,成功后的幸福感就越强。不可否认,这种解脱,让我们感到真实的快乐,但它绝不等同于“幸福”。它只是“幸福的假象”。

这就好比一个人头痛好了之后,他会为头不痛而高兴,这是由于这种喜悦,来自于痛苦的前因。“忙碌奔波型”的人,错误地认为成功就是 幸福,坚信目标实现后的放松和解脱,就是幸福。因此,他们不停地从一个目标奔向另一个目标。

在本-沙哈尔看来,寻找真正能让自己快乐而有意义的目标,才是获得幸福的关键。

他们把物质与财富,放在了快乐和意义之上


在课堂上,本-沙哈尔不断地向听讲者发问:

我 们可以不停地追问“为什么”,来反思自己所追求的东西:可以是大房子、升职或任何其他的目标。看看要问多少个“为什么”,才能落 到“幸福”的追求上?问问自己,我做的事情,对我有意义吗?它们给我带来了乐趣吗?我的内心,是否鼓励我去做不同的尝试?是不是在提醒我,需要彻底改变目 前的生活?

本-沙哈尔的哲学老师在他毕业时,给了他一点忠告:“生命很短暂,在选择道路前,先确定自己能做的事。其中,做那些你想做的。然后再细化,找出你真正想做的。最后,对于那些真正、真正想做的事,付诸行动。”

本-沙哈尔也这样教他的学生,如何寻找能发挥自己优势和热情的工作。

用以下3个关键问题,先来问问自己:一,什么带给我意义?二,什么带给我快乐?三,我的优势是什么?并且要注意顺序。然后看一下答案,找出这其中的交集点,那个工作,就是最能使你感到幸福的工作了。
10 多年前,本-沙哈尔遇到过一个年轻人。他是一名律师,在纽约一家知名公司上班,并即将成为合伙人。坐在他的高级公寓里,中央公园的美景一览无余。年轻人非 常努力地工作,一周至少干60个小时。早上,他挣扎着起床,把自己拖到办公室,与客户和同事的会议、法律报告与合约事项,占据了他的每一天。当本-沙哈尔 问他,在一个理想世界里还想做什么时,这名律师说,最想去一家画廊工作。
“难道说,现实世界里找不到画廊的工作吗?”年轻人说不是的。但如果在画廊工作,收入会少许多,生活水平也会下降。他虽对律师楼很反感,但觉得没其他选择。

因为被一个不喜欢的工作所捆绑,所以他每天并不开心。在美国,有50%的人对自己的工作不甚满意。但本-沙哈尔认为,这些人之所以不开心,并不是因为他们别无选择,而是他们的决定,让他们不开心。因为他们把物质与财富,放在了快乐和意义之上。
“金钱和幸福,都是生存的必需品,并非互相排斥。”他说。

他 进一步说,通常在越感兴趣的事情里,人就越能发挥自己的天赋,越能做得持久。人一旦有了热情,不但动机坚定,连做事效率也会提高。举例讲,一个热爱学习的 学生,可以在学习中享受创造的愉悦,而这快乐的成果,还可以帮他取得好成绩,助其获得未来的幸福。在亲密关系中也一样,两个人 共享着爱情的美好,并促进彼此的成长和发展。

许多研究表明,一个幸福的人,在生活的各个层面上都会很成功,包括婚姻、友谊、收入、工作表现以及健康。幸福与成功,存在强烈的相互作用,无论是工作上还是感情上的成功,可以带来幸福;而幸福本身,也能带来更多的成功。

本-沙哈尔总结出这样3种工作境界:赚钱谋生、事业、使命感。

如 果只把工作当成任务和赚钱的手段,就没有任何的个人实现。这样每天去上班,只是必须而不是想去,他所期盼的,除了薪水,就是节假日了;把工作当事业的人, 除了注重财富的积累外,还会关注事业的发展,如权力和声望等。他们会关心下一个升职的机会,期望从副教授到终身教授、从教师到校 长、从职员到主管、从编辑到总编辑;假如,把工作当成使命,那工作本身就是目标了。薪水、职位固然重要,但他们工作,是因为他们想要做这份工作,动力源自 内心。工作是一种恩典,而不是为人打工。他们对工作充满热情,在工作中自我实现,获得充实感。他们的目标,正是自我和谐的目标。

有 一项研究,是针对医院清洁工的。一组人觉得自己的清洁工作很无聊,没啥意义;但另一组人,觉得很有意义,做得很投入。他们与护士、病人以及家属交谈,想办 法让医院员工、病人舒适。他们看待工作的角度更高,并在其中找到了意义:我不仅仅是个倒垃圾和洗衣服的人,正是我的工作,让医 院正常运转,帮助病人更快地康复。

就像第二组人,由于在日常工作中找到了使命感,因而从中也得到了更多的意义和快乐,他们与服务对象的关系,也不再是简单的金钱关系。有时候,人们并没有换工作,或改变工作环境,他们所做的,只是赋予了工作本身更多的意义,从中发现乐趣,因而也提升了幸福感。

可以想像,一个因为家长的压力而学法律的人,是无法在其中找到长久快乐的;相反,如果是基于对法律的热爱而成为律师的话,那他在维护公义的同时,也会觉得很幸福。
“一个在工作中找到意义与快乐的投资家,一个出于正确动机的商人,绝对要比一个心不在焉的和尚,高尚和有意义得多。”本-沙哈尔笃 定地说。

不同的人,会在不同的事里找到意义。如创业、当义工、抚养子女、行医、甚至是打家具。重要的是,选择目标时,必须确定它符合自己的价值观、爱好,符合自己内心的愿望,而不是为了满足社会标准,或是迎合他人的期待。“真我的呼唤”,就是使命感。
“那 真是神奇的时刻。”本-沙哈尔用一段话,描述这种美妙的体验:我甚至形成了一种迷信,世上确实有看不见的力量在帮我。只要你追随自己的天赋和内心,你就会 发现,生命的轨迹原已存在,正期待你的光临,你所经历的,正是你应拥有的生活。当你能够感觉到自己正行走在命运的轨道上,你会 发现,周围的人,开始源源不断地带给你新的机会。
“在追求有意义而又快乐的目标时,我们不再是消磨光阴,而是在让时间,闪闪发光。”

我也有不快乐的时刻,因为我们是人

一 天,在哈佛的食堂,有个学生走到本-沙哈尔面前,问他:你就是那个教人如何快活的老师吧。学生接着又说:你要小心,我的室友选了你的课,如果哪天我发现你 并不快乐,我就要告诉他,别再上你的课。本-沙哈尔看着这个学生,笑着道:没关系,我现在就可以告诉你,我也有不快乐的时刻,因 为我们是人。
“总有人问我,你能帮我消除痛苦吗?可是为什么要用这种态度来对待痛苦。痛苦,是我们的人生经验,会让我们从中学到很多。人生的成长和飞跃,经常发生在你觉得非常痛苦的时刻。”

漫漫人生,每个人都不可避免地会面临悲伤的时刻,比如经历失败或失去,但我们依然可以活得幸福。事实上,期盼无时无刻的快乐,只会带来失望和不满,并最终导致负面情绪的产生。

一个幸福的人,也会有情绪上的起伏,但整体上,能保持一种积极的人生态度。他经常被积极的情绪推动着,如欢乐和爱;很少被愤怒或内疚,这些负面情绪所控制。快乐是常态,而痛苦都是小插曲。

刚开始讲“幸福课”时,本-沙哈尔很想扮演一个无所不知、幽默的人,一个完美的导师,为此,他特地跑到喜剧演员培训班学习。但他不 是那种能开激烈的玩笑,做夸张表演的人。无论怎么学,他也达不到想要的戏剧效果。

想 让自己当一个完美的老师,他发现这样即害了自己,也害了学生。“每次都很紧张,怕被发现面具下真实的样子,结果把自己搞得很累。 这样不仅害了我自己,也伤害了学生,等于给学生树立了一个‘完人’典型,告诉学生走一条永远走不通、错误的路。打开自己,袒露真实的人性,会唤起学生真实 的人性。在学生面前做一个自然的人,反而会更受尊重。”

本-沙哈尔希望他的学生,学会接受自己,不要忽略自己所拥有的独特性;要摆脱“完美主义”,要“学会失败”。

为了更好地记住“幸福课”的要点,本-沙哈尔还为学生简化出10条小贴士:
1.遵从你内心的热情。选择对你有意义并且能让你快乐的课,不要只是为了轻松地拿一个A而选课,或选你朋友上的课,或是别人认为你 应该上的课。
2.多和朋友们在一起。不要被日常工作缠身,亲密的人际关系,是你幸福感的信号,最有可能为你带来幸福。
3.学会失败。成功没有捷径,历史上有成就的人,总是敢于行动,也会经常失败。不要让对失败的恐惧,绊住你尝试新事物的脚步。
4.接受自己全然为人。失望、烦乱、悲伤是人性的一部分。接纳这些,并把它们当成自然之事,允许自己偶尔的失落和伤感。然后问问自己,能做些什么来让自己感觉好过一点。
5.简化生活。更多并不总代表更好,好事多了,也不一定有利。你选了太多的课吗?参加了太多的活动吗?应求精而不在多。
6.有规律地锻炼。体育运动是你生活中最重要的事情之一。每周只要3次,每次只要30分钟,就能大大改善你的身心健康。
7.睡眠。虽然有时“熬通宵”是不可避免的,但每天7到9小时的睡眠是一笔非常棒的投资。这样,在醒着的时候,你会更有效率、更有 创造力,也会更开心。
8.慷慨。现在,你的钱包里可能没有太多钱,你也没有太多时间。但这并不意味着你无法助人。“给予”和“接受”是一件事的两个面。 当我们帮助别人时,我们也在帮助自己;当我们帮助自己时,也是在间接地帮助他人。
9.勇敢。勇气并不是不恐惧,而是心怀恐惧,仍依然向前。

10.表达感激。生活中,不要把你的家人、朋友、健康、教育等这一切当成理所当然的。它们都是你回味无穷的礼物。记录他人的点滴恩惠,始终保持感恩之心。每天或至少每周一次,请你把它们记下来。
“上这门课,真是一种享受。它非常有趣,而且值得学生学习。”一位读经济学专业的本科生,在发给我们的邮件中写道。她还说:事实 上,这门课并不会帮我拿攻读学位的学分。但比起其它课程,我更喜欢做这门课的作业。

在哈佛的校报上,也留下学生们的反馈意见:
“他 教心理学,同其他心理学老师有很大的不同。他试图让你把这些理念,应用到自己的生活中去。”“我从记‘感恩簿’中收获最大,在那里,我每天写下我充满感激 的事情。”“上这门课之前,听到‘冥想’这个词,我会不以为然。但是现在,我惊奇地发现,它真的让我在接下来的几个小时里,放 松了。”“我认识的每个上过这门课的人都说,这是他们在哈佛上过的最好的课。一位和我要好的女生说,它改变了她的生命,给了她一种看问题的不同视角,对幸 福的理解,也改变了。”

甚至助教们也说,自打跟本-沙哈尔教授“幸福课”以来,一年中,身体出奇得好,心情也爽多 了。“我改善了我的饮食、睡眠、人际关 系,还有人生的方向感。这些对我来说,都是很重要的东西。”另一位助教称,这门课的出勤率,平均在95%以上。“它的奇妙之处在于,当学生们离开教室的时 候,都迈着春天一样的步子。”
2006年2月,哈佛出了件大事,校长萨默斯为自己的惊人之语“女人先天不如男”,付出了“下课”的代价。即将去职的萨默斯闷闷不 乐,他的好友找到本-沙哈尔,讨要如何让校长快乐起来的秘笈,本-沙哈尔慷慨支招。

首先,他现在可能很烦乱、失落、难过,这些都属正常,因为他也是人。去大胆地经历他现在正经历着的任何事,并且自然地接受下来。

第二,建议萨默斯本人,阅读一下哈佛积极心理学教授丹尼尔·吉尔波特的书,书中说:人类有非凡的克服令情绪失落事件的能力。事情并 没有像他最初看起来的那么糟,即使是被逐出世界顶级大学的校长之位。

第三,他可以仔细反省一下作为哈佛校长的经历,回忆自己任期内的巅峰时刻,并用他所学到的东西,去寻找新的机会和用武之地。

假如上述办法仍不奏效的话,本-沙哈尔支了最后一招:我可以在我的课堂上,留下一个座位,校长先生可以旁听这门课并做相应的论文。


二、不平静,就不会幸福
文/白岩松

内 心不平静,就不会有真正的幸福。有人也许会把陶渊明看做“逃避主义者”,然而事实上他并不是。你要明白啊,陶渊明他想要逃避的是复杂的政治,而不是生活的 本身。他在东篱种菊花的时候,看那金黄色的花开了又谢,陪伴着他的风起了又歇,他的灵魂是多么的丰盈饱满,他的心如止水,所以他平静的生活虽然因为物质匮 乏而清苦,但是给了他真正的幸福。

当下的时代,平静才是真正的奢侈品。毕竟社会是人的集合体,哪里有名利哪里就有斗争和竞争,大家为仕途为金钱为面子上的攀比,很多人都过得心情烦躁身体疲惫,像飞在海面上的鸟又累又烦却无法停止扇动翅膀,这样的生活就算物质充裕,也因为压力太大而没有太多的幸福感。

平 凡普通的生活就是你手中的苹果,你的远大理想和目标就是你的月光,你尽管享用苹果好了,在你追求月光的过程中,不要看天空,不要一次又一次提醒自己太遥远 无法到达,你的胡思乱想才是你痛苦的根源,正视自己,设计出一个合理的目标,慢慢做出计划,脚踏实地的去做,请记住,你只要去做就好了,过程比结果重要, 你尽力了,不管成功与否,你人生的境界得到了提升,你比对自己梦想没有任何尝试的人更多了许多人生的体验,不是吗?所以请不要急功近利,心平气和的对待梦 想。

要学会果断的处理和解决会长期困扰你让你痛苦的事情,比如不幸福又无法挽回的婚姻,你万分不满意做得太辛苦的工 作,这个时候一定要果断,该扔就扔,该换就换,不要心慈手软抱有幻想,因为很多时候环境会严重地影响心境,你只要离开那个环境,你的心便不会像阴深的大海 一样,永远暗无天日波浪起伏,你也不会像原来那样,夜夜流泪心乱如麻,因为你已经没有理由继续悲伤了。

要学会节制, 不要物欲太多,因为人的物欲是无止境的。当一个人物欲像无底洞一样,会吸附了他所有的快乐和幸福,他永不满足永远觉得别人更好。当一个人学会满足的时候, 即使是最微不足道的细节,也会给她带来无与伦比的幸福。还要心存感激,只要你学会感激,总有值得你感动的事情发生,你同事朋友和亲人对你的关爱,值得你用 心铭记有能力就偿还。安静的幸福是在你的身边,随时都会发生的,不管多么小的幸福,只要你有敏锐的触角,喧闹的大街颠簸的旅途看见路人的许多温馨小故事, 也会是一种幸福哦。想要平静与幸福,我们内心的问题终究无法回避。以其追逐名利而烦躁痛苦,不如做自己最热爱的工作并要做到宠辱不惊,活在自己的世界里, 与世无争。放下心中的执念,也许可以活的更简单些。当你拥有一颗平静的心的话,那你看待别的事物就会淡然的多,你就不会因为需求超过了你的环境和能力迷失 了自我。也不会因为有了错误的人生目标,随之而来的就是错误的方法,然后在错误的道路上越走越远。

平静的心态不是每 个人都能保持的,我们需要的其实很简单,仅仅是一颗超乎物外的心么?有什么理由不平静?请对自己说:我想要的,我都拥有了。很多事情,我努力但是不强求。 请记住你对简单生活简单,生活就对你简单,人生因为简单而快乐,因为复杂而痛苦。请在你心里的深山里,找一处山青水秀的地,花一点时间盖个灵魂小屋,带上 老友和好书,平上几亩地,种点菜,每天日出而作,日落而归,灵魂有了依托的你,内心就会无比平静。

面对社会的纷纷扰扰,一颗平静的心足以让幸福不被打扰。当你能够怀着淡然心态去享受生活给予你的一切美好和考验,你就会觉得很幸福。每天做值得做的事,想有意义的事情,其实幸福就在你的身边,你发现了吗?

(from:http://t.cn/zHKCjIr)

Thursday, March 22, 2012

What is the difference between a fruit and a vegetable?

From Answer.com

Answer:
Vegetable normally refers to the leafy green, stem, root or even flower stalk portion of an edible plant. It is a generic term and used interchangeably!

Fruit on the other hand are specific, they are the swollen (normally, but not always ripe) ovary of a plant and contain seeds.

A fruit is a ripened ovary, enclosing the seeds which are the mature ovules. They can arise from a single carpel, or several carpels fused together, or separate carpels.
Some fruit which we eat such as bananas do in fact have seeds in them, although the seeds never mature and banana plants very rarely grow from a banana. Other fruit though, such as apples, pears, avocado etc. do produce viable seed which can produce a new plant if collected, planted and germinated.

Examples of vegetables include:

carrot, potato, lettuce, cabbage, cellery, brocolli, cauliflower

Examples of fruit include:

peach, pear, cherry, orange, apple, banana, mellon, eggplant, tomato and cucumber. A difficult one is the pea, eaten whole in the pod it's technically a fruit, but remove the peas the pod??? then what is a pea a fruit or a vegetable :)

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You must qualify the context of this question before giving it an answer. Botanically, yes ... this answer is technically correct. But most people are not botanists. This answer would also define bell peppers as fruits, and (if you consider a spore as a type of "seed") even a mushroom as fruit.

Perhaps a better answer is needed for the context of common lay-person trying to improve their diet. Would not the average person consider a bell pepper, cucumber, tomato, and even green-beans as vegetables?

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Wikipedia defines Fruit and Vegetables as follows:
"There are three definitions relating to fruits and vegetables:
  • Fruit (scientific): the ovary of a seed-bearing plant,
  • Fruit (culinary): any edible part of a plant with a sweet flavor,
  • Vegetable: any edible part of a plant with a savory flavor."
Note: There are comments associated with this question. See the discussion page to add to the conversation.